{"id":1746,"date":"2025-12-15T14:56:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T11:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/?p=1746"},"modified":"2025-12-15T14:56:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T11:56:21","slug":"temel-linux-terminal-komutlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/temel-linux-terminal-komutlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Temel Linux Terminal Komutlar\u0131 Nelerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Linux Terminali Nedir ve Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/linux-hosting\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"linux hosting\">Linux<\/a> terminali, Linux i\u015fletim sisteminde komut sat\u0131r\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fc (CLI) olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan metin tabanl\u0131 ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar grafik aray\u00fcz\u00fcn (GUI) sunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131z ile esneklik sa\u011flamas\u0131 nedeniyle terminal aray\u00fcz\u00fc \u00fczerinden metin komutlar\u0131 girerek sistemi do\u011frudan y\u00f6netebilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca terminal, dosya ve dizin y\u00f6netiminden sistem yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131na kadar geni\u015f g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlenmekte ve dosya olu\u015fturma, kopyalama, ta\u015f\u0131ma veya silme gibi i\u015flemler yan\u0131nda, yaz\u0131l\u0131m y\u00fckleme, a\u011f ayarlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri de izleme imkan\u0131 vermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Dosya ve Dizin Y\u00f6netimi Komutlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosya sistemi i\u00e7inde dizinlerin i\u00e7eriklerini g\u00f6rmek, yeni dizinler olu\u015fturmak, dosyalar\u0131 kopyalamak, ta\u015f\u0131mak, yeniden adland\u0131rmak ya da silmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel Linux komutlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu komutlar, depolama yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netmeniz i\u00e7in temel ara\u00e7lard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>mkdir \u2013 dizin olu\u015fturma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mkdir ~\/directory\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeni bir dizin olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in mkdir ifadesinden sonra olu\u015fturulacak dizin ad\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mkdir Belgeler yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Belgeler ad\u0131nda yeni bir dizin olu\u015fturulur.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>touch \u2013 dosya olu\u015fturma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">touch ~\/directory\/file_name<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bo\u015f bir dosya olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in touch ifadesinden sonra dosya ad\u0131 tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00d6rnek: touch dosya.txt yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dosya.txt ad\u0131yla bo\u015f bir dosya olu\u015fturulur ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dizini i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>rename \u2013 dosya yeniden adland\u0131rma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rename ~\/directory\/file_name<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu komut, mevcut dosya ad\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir adla de\u011fi\u015ftirmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>mv \u2013 dosya ta\u015f\u0131ma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mv ~\/directory\/file ~\/mv_directory\/file<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosyay\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir konuma ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in mv eski_ad hedef_yol \u015feklinde kullan\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mv dosya.txt Belgeler\/ yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dosya.txt, Belgeler dizinine ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Hedef yol mutlak ya da g\u00f6reli bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>cp \u2013 dosya kopyalama komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cp ~\/directory\/file ~\/copy_directory\/copy_file<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cp [options] source_location path_to_new_location<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kaynak dosyay\u0131 hedef konuma \u00e7o\u011faltmak i\u00e7in cp komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kopyalama i\u015fleminde dosyan\u0131n orijinal hali korunur ve hedefte ayn\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip yeni bir dosya olu\u015fur.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>ls \u2013 dizin i\u00e7eri\u011fini listeleme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ls [options] directory<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma dizinindeki dosyalar\u0131 ve alt dizinleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler. ls -l se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile izinler, boyutlar ve son de\u011fi\u015fiklik tarihleri gibi ek bilgiler listelenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>cd \u2013 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dizinini de\u011fi\u015ftirme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cd ~\/Documents<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farkl\u0131 dizine ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in cd yaz\u0131l\u0131r ve hedef konum belirtilir. \u00d6rnek: cd Belgeler ifadesi, sizi Belgeler dizinine ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>pwd \u2013 ge\u00e7erli konumun tam yolunu g\u00f6sterme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z anda bulundu\u011funuz dizinin tam yolunu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 olarak verir ve konum do\u011frulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>rm \u2013 dosya ve dizin silme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosyay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in rm dosya.txt yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Dizin ve i\u00e7eri\u011fini tamamen kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in rm -r dizin yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem geri al\u0131namaz, bu nedenle dikkatli kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>cat \u2013 dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fini ekrana aktarma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cat dosya.txt yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dosya.txt i\u00e7eri\u011fi kesintisiz bi\u00e7imde ekranda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>find \u2013 dosya ve dizin arama komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Belirli dizin ya da alt dizinlerde dosya ad\u0131, t\u00fcr\u00fc, boyutu ve benzeri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re arama yapar. Kapsaml\u0131 filtreleme yetene\u011fiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck dosya yap\u0131lar\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 tespit sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Dosya \u0130\u00e7eriklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme Komutlar\u0131 Hangileridir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux ortam\u0131, metin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek, incelemek ve b\u00fcy\u00fck dosyalar aras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 gezinmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli komutlar sunar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, i\u00e7erik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme i\u015flemlerinde en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan cat, less, tail ve head komutlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>cat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dosyan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ekrana basarak i\u00e7erik \u00fczerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6zlem yapman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda birden fazla dosyan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>less<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck dosyalarda sayfa sayfa inceleme yapman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erik \u00fczerinde ileri ve geri hareket edebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sundu\u011fu i\u00e7in okuma s\u0131ras\u0131nda detayl\u0131 kontrol sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">less kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Space tu\u015fu ile ileri gidilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> B tu\u015fu ile geri d\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> q tu\u015fu ile ekrandan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>tail<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dosyan\u0131n son k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler ve belirli sat\u0131r miktar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilir. Sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ve canl\u0131 log takibi i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a uygundur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>head<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dosyan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki belirli sat\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. B\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu dosyalarda ilk sat\u0131rlar\u0131 incelemek isteyen kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in pratik bir y\u00f6ntem olu\u015fturur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Dosya ve Dizin Olu\u015fturma \u2013 Silme Komutlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux&#8217;ta <\/span><b>touch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutu yeni dosya olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak komutun esas g\u00f6revi dosyan\u0131n eri\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015ftirme zaman damgalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellemektir. touch komutuna ek se\u00e7enek eklenmedi\u011finde ise parametre olarak g\u00f6nderilen dosyalar\u0131n zaman bilgileri an\u0131nda yenilenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ek olarak dosya silme i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in <\/span><b>rm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. rm komutuna uygulanacak opsiyonlar, komutun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini do\u011frudan de\u011fi\u015ftirir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, tek bir dosyay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in <\/span><b>rm dosyaadi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Birden fazla dosyay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in dosya adlar\u0131 aralar\u0131nda bo\u015fluk b\u0131rak\u0131larak ayn\u0131 sat\u0131rda eklenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ayr\u0131ca Linux ortam\u0131nda yeni dizin olu\u015fturma i\u015flemleri <\/span><b>mkdir<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutuyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Kald\u0131r\u0131lacak dizinin bo\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda ise <\/span><b>rmdir<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan dosya veya dizin kopyalama i\u015flemlerinde <\/span><b>cp<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutu devreye girer ve cp [opsiyonlar] kaynak hedef bi\u00e7iminde uygulan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0130zinler ve Sahiplik \u0130\u015flemleri \u0130\u00e7in Kullan\u0131lan Komutlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux eri\u015fim modeli, dosya ve dizin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan izin yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine kuruludur. Bu yap\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel ara\u00e7lardan <\/span><b>chmod<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, eri\u015fim izinlerini d\u00fczenleyerek okuma, yazma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma haklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmenizi sa\u011flar. Chmod komutu do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yetkisiz eri\u015fimleri engelleyerek sistem g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ayr\u0131ca chmod hem sembolik hem say\u0131sal modlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Sembolik modda u+x, g-w gibi ifadelerle kullan\u0131c\u0131, grup ve di\u011ferleri i\u00e7in izin d\u00fczenlemesi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Say\u0131sal modda ise 755 veya 644 gibi de\u011ferlerle daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve do\u011frudan eri\u015fim ayar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sahiplik y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan <\/span><b>chown<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ise dosya ve dizinlerin hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ve gruba ait oldu\u011funu belirleyen yap\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Sahiplik bilgisi izinlerin uygulanmas\u0131nda temel rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, sistem y\u00f6neticileri ve yetkili kullan\u0131c\u0131lar chown komutuyla sahiplik ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek eri\u015fim denetimini eksiksiz \u015fekilde sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Arama ve Filtreleme Komutlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux ortam\u0131nda dosya arama ve i\u00e7erik filtreleme i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in en etkili ara\u00e7lar <\/span><b>find<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve <\/span><b>grep<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> komutlar\u0131d\u0131r. find, dosya ad\u0131, t\u00fcr\u00fc, boyutu gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re kapsaml\u0131 aramalar yaparken, grep dosya i\u00e7eriklerinde belirli desenleri bulur.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>find:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Belirli bir dizinden ba\u015flayarak t\u00fcm alt dizinleri tarar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; find \/home\/kullanici -name &#8220;*.log&#8221;: \/home\/kullanici alt\u0131nda .log uzant\u0131l\u0131 dosyalar\u0131 listeler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; find . -type f: \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan dizindeki normal dosyalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; find \/ -size +100M: 100MB \u00fczerinde boyuta sahip dosyalar\u0131 bulur.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>locate:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dosya sistemi veritaban\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak h\u0131zl\u0131 arama yapar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; locate dosya_adi: Ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131 listeler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Not: Veritaban\u0131 g\u00fcncellemesi gerektirebilir.)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>grep:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dosya i\u00e7eri\u011finde metin arar ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 filtreler.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; grep &#8220;hata&#8221; log.txt: log.txt i\u00e7inde &#8220;hata&#8221; kelimesini bulur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; grep -i &#8220;hata&#8221; log.txt: B\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfe duyars\u0131z arama yapar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; grep -r &#8220;hata&#8221; .: \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan dizin ve alt dizinlerde \u00f6zyinelemeli arama yapar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; grep -v &#8220;ge\u00e7ti&#8221; dosya.txt: &#8220;ge\u00e7ti&#8221; i\u00e7ermeyen sat\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; grep -A 2 &#8220;hata&#8221; log.txt: &#8220;hata&#8221; sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 bulduktan sonra gelen iki sat\u0131r\u0131 daha g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>awk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Metinleri s\u00fctun yap\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015fler ve i\u00e7erikten se\u00e7ili alanlar\u0131 ay\u0131klar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; cat dosya.txt | awk &#8216;{ print $1, $5 }&#8217;: \u0130lk ve be\u015finci s\u00fctunu ekrana yazd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>sed:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sat\u0131r d\u00fczenleme i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015ftirme, silme gibi d\u00fczenlemeleri ak\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde uygular.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; sed &#8216;s\/eski\/yeni\/g&#8217; dosya.txt: &#8220;eski&#8221; ifadesini &#8220;yeni&#8221; ile de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Sistem Bilgisi ve Kaynak \u0130zleme Komutlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux sistemlerinde donan\u0131m yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ekirdek bilgilerini ve anl\u0131k kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>uname -a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00c7ekirdek s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc, donan\u0131m mimarisi, sistem ad\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00f6nemli sistem \u00f6zelliklerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>hostnamectl:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> systemd tabanl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlarda kullan\u0131lan komut, host ad\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fletim sistemi s\u00fcr\u00fcm bilgisini ve \u00e7ekirdek detaylar\u0131n\u0131 listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>top:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 CPU kullan\u0131m\u0131, bellek durumu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015flemler ve sistem y\u00fck ortalamas\u0131 gibi de\u011ferleri anl\u0131k olarak izlemeyi sa\u011flayan temel izleme arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>htop:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> top komutunun daha geli\u015fmi\u015f, renkli ve etkile\u015fimli s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Fare ile i\u015flem se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n verir ve aray\u00fcz daha okunabilir yap\u0131dad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mda ekstra kurulum gerektirir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>free -h:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RAM ve swap kullan\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sunar. -h se\u00e7ene\u011fi sayesinde de\u011ferleri megabayt ya da gigabayt gibi okunabilir formatlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>vmstat:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sanal bellek kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, i\u015flem ge\u00e7i\u015flerini, I\/O blok hareketlerini ve genel sistem y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde raporlar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>iostat:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CPU kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve disk I\/O performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. sysstat paketi ile birlikte gelir ve depolama performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>ps aux:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> T\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemleri, terminale ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan i\u015flemler dahil ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>lscpu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CPU mimarisi, \u00e7ekirdek say\u0131s\u0131, saat frekans\u0131, \u00f6nbellek boyutu ve i\u015flemci \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 donan\u0131m bilgisi sunar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>lsblk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sistemdeki diskleri ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri blok cihazlar \u015feklinde a\u011fa\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131nda listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>df -h:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mevcut dosya sistemlerinin doluluk oranlar\u0131n\u0131 okunabilir (-h) formatta g\u00f6sterir ve disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde analiz etmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>dmesg:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00c7ekirdek mesaj tamponunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler. Donan\u0131m tan\u0131ma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc loglar\u0131 ve sistem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda olu\u015fan mesajlar i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 kay\u0131t sunar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sar:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CPU, bellek, disk ve a\u011f kullan\u0131m\u0131na ait ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman istatistiklerini raporlayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc analiz arac\u0131d\u0131r. sysstat paketi kurulumu gerektirir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>uptime:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sistemin ne kadar s\u00fcredir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve son 1, 5, 15 dakikal\u0131k y\u00fck ortalamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>who:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sisteme o anda giri\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n listesini sunar ve aktif oturumlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Paket Y\u00f6netimi Komutlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r? (APT, YUM, DNF, Pacman)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux sunucular\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131m y\u00fckleme, g\u00fcncelleme ve bak\u0131m i\u015flemlerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in paket y\u00f6netim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Her da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kendi paket format\u0131na ve y\u00f6netim sistemine sahip olsa da, temel ama\u00e7 yaz\u0131l\u0131m bile\u015fenlerinin g\u00fcvenli ve g\u00fcncel tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Markahost.com.tr olarak sizler i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yayg\u0131n paket y\u00f6neticileri ve temel i\u015flevlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktay\u0131z:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>apt-get \/ apt (Debian\/Ubuntu Paket Y\u00f6netimi Arac\u0131)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> apt-get [se\u00e7enek] [komut] \/ apt [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde (Ubuntu d\u00e2hil) kullan\u0131lan ana paket y\u00f6netim ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckleme, g\u00fcncelleme, y\u00fckseltme ve kald\u0131rma i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. S\u0131k kullan\u0131lan komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; apt-get update: Paket listelerini yeniler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; apt-get upgrade: Y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri en g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcme y\u00fckseltir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; apt-get install [paket]: Belirtilen paketi y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; apt-get remove [paket]: Belirtilen paketi kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; apt komutu, apt-get, apt-cache ve dpkg i\u015flevlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tek komutta birle\u015ftiren daha kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>yum \/ dnf (CentOS\/Fedora Paket Y\u00f6netimi)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> yum [se\u00e7enek] [komut] \/ dnf [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RPM tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde (CentOS, Fedora) kullan\u0131lan paket y\u00f6neticileridir. Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerdeki apt-get i\u015flevlerine benzer g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlenir. Temel komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; yum update \/ dnf update: T\u00fcm paketleri g\u00fcnceller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; yum install [paket] \/ dnf install [paket]: Belirtilen paketi y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; yum remove [paket] \/ dnf remove [paket]: Paketi sistemden kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dnf, yum arac\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 i\u015flem, daha temiz s\u00f6zdizimi gibi avantajlara sahiptir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>rpm (RPM Package Manager)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rpm [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Red Hat, CentOS ve Fedora gibi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlarda kullan\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeli paket y\u00f6neticisidir. Y\u00fckleme, kald\u0131rma, sorgulama ve do\u011frulama i\u015flemlerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Temel \u00f6rnekler:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; rpm -i [paket.rpm]: Paket y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; rpm -e [paket]: Paketi kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; rpm -qa: Sistemdeki t\u00fcm paketleri listeler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; rpm -qf [dosya]: Hangi paketin ilgili dosyay\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>dpkg (Debian Package Manager)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dpkg [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde kullan\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeli .deb paket y\u00f6neticisidir. Paketler \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan i\u015flem yapar. \u00d6rnek komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dpkg -i [paket.deb]: Belirtilen .deb paketini y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dpkg -r [paket]: Y\u00fckl\u00fc paketi kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dpkg -l: Sistem \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm paketleri listeler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dpkg &#8211;configure -a: A\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f paketleri yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>pacman (Arch Linux Package Manager)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pacman [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Arch Linux\u2019un hem resmi depolar\u0131n\u0131 hem de AUR i\u00e7eri\u011fini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan paket y\u00f6neticisidir. Yayg\u0131n komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -Syu: Paket veritaban\u0131n\u0131 senkronize eder ve sistemdeki t\u00fcm paketleri g\u00fcnceller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -S [paket]: Belirtilen paketi y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -R [paket]: Paketi sistemden kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -Ss [paket]: Depolar i\u00e7inde paket aramas\u0131 yapar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>pacman (Arch Linux Package Manager)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pacman [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Arch Linux\u2019un hem resmi depolar\u0131n\u0131 hem de AUR i\u00e7eri\u011fini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan paket y\u00f6neticisidir. Yayg\u0131n komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -Syu: Paket veritaban\u0131n\u0131 senkronize eder ve sistemdeki t\u00fcm paketleri g\u00fcnceller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -S [paket]: Belirtilen paketi y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -R [paket]: Paketi sistemden kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; pacman -Ss [paket]: Depolar i\u00e7inde paket aramas\u0131 yapar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>snap (Snap Paket Y\u00f6neticisi)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> snap [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Snap format\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131nabilir, kaps\u00fcllenmi\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar aras\u0131 uyumluluk sa\u011flar. Temel komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; snap install [paket]: Snap format\u0131nda uygulama y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; snap remove [paket]: Snap paketini kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; snap refresh: T\u00fcm snap paketlerini g\u00fcnceller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; snap list: Y\u00fckl\u00fc snap paketlerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>flatpak (Flatpak Paket Y\u00f6neticisi)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kullan\u0131m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> flatpak [se\u00e7enek] [komut]<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>A\u00e7\u0131klama:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Linux masa\u00fcst\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (sandboxed) ortamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f paket y\u00f6netim sistemidir. Yayg\u0131n komutlar:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; flatpak install [remote] [paket]: Flatpak uygulamas\u0131 y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; flatpak remove [paket]: Y\u00fckl\u00fc uygulamay\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; flatpak update: Y\u00fckl\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00fcnceller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; flatpak list: Sistemde y\u00fckl\u00fc flatpak uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve Grup Y\u00f6netimi Komutlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux ortam\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak, d\u00fczenlemek ya da kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>useradd \u2013 yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">useradd kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131 ifadesi ile sistemde yeni hesap olu\u015fturulur. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizini ve temel ayarlar\u0131 varsay\u0131lan yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar \u00fczerinden atan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>passwd \u2013 kullan\u0131c\u0131 parolas\u0131 belirleme ya da de\u011fi\u015ftirme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">passwd kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, belirtilen hesap i\u00e7in yeni parola girmeniz istenir ve parola atamas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>userdel \u2013 kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131 silme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">userdel kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hesap kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve ilgili ev dizini mevcut ise sistemden tamamen silinir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>usermod \u2013 kullan\u0131c\u0131 ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">usermod parametreler kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131 format\u0131yla kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgileri g\u00fcncellenir. \u00d6rnek: usermod -d \/home\/new_directory john ifadesi, john hesab\u0131n\u0131n ev dizinini \/home\/new_directory konumuna ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>su \u2013 farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015f komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">su kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka hesaba ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r. Root hesab\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca su yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>sudo \u2013 komutlar\u0131 y\u00f6netici yetkisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma komutu<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sudo komut bi\u00e7iminde kullan\u0131larak ilgili i\u015flem root yetkileriyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Linux A\u011f (Network) Komutlar\u0131 Hangileridir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ara\u00e7lar temel Linux a\u011f i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>ftp sunucu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> FTP sunucusuna ba\u011flant\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r ve dosya transferi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>ping sunucu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hedef sunucuya ICMP istekleri g\u00f6ndererek yan\u0131t s\u00fcrelerini \u00f6l\u00e7er ve ba\u011flant\u0131 durumunu test eder.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>ssh -l kullan\u0131c\u0131ad\u0131 sunucu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Uzak makinaya Secure Shell \u00fczerinden g\u00fcvenli ba\u011flant\u0131 kurar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>telnet sunucu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TELNET protokol\u00fc kullan\u0131larak uzak sisteme ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Linux Ar\u015fivleme ve S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma Komutlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosya ve dizinleri ar\u015fivlemek veya s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar, sistem y\u00f6netiminde depolama tasarrufu sa\u011flar ve dosya aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>tar -cvf arsiv.tar dizin\/<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Belirtilen dizini ya da dosyalar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma uygulamadan .tar ar\u015fivine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>tar -xvf arsiv.tar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f .tar ar\u015fivini a\u00e7arak i\u00e7eri\u011fini mevcut dizine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>tar -czvf arsiv.tar.gz dizin\/<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Dizin i\u00e7eri\u011fini gzip algoritmas\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak .tar.gz (ya da .tgz) format\u0131nda ar\u015fiv dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>tar -xzvf arsiv.tar.gz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: gzip ile s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ar\u015fivi a\u00e7ar ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi dizine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>zip arsiv.zip dosya\/dizin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Dosya veya dizini yayg\u0131n .zip format\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve platformlar aras\u0131 uyumluluk sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>unzip arsiv.zip<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: .zip ar\u015fivini a\u00e7arak i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>gzip dosya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Tek dosyay\u0131 .gz format\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve orijinal dosyay\u0131 kald\u0131rarak yaln\u0131zca s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dosyay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>gunzip dosya.gz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: .gz uzant\u0131l\u0131 dosyay\u0131 a\u00e7arak orijinal haline d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>7z a arsiv.7z dosya\/dizin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 7zip format\u0131nda y\u00fcksek s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma oran\u0131 sunan ar\u015fiv olu\u015fturur. (p7zip-full gibi paketler gerektirir.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>7z x arsiv.7z<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 7zip ar\u015fivini a\u00e7arak i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>G\u00f6rev ve S\u00fcre\u00e7 Y\u00f6netimi Komutlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux sistemlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015flemleri izlemek, y\u00f6netmek ve kontrol etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan komutlar, sistem y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc analiz etme ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>ps aux<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Aktif durumda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcm i\u015flemleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>top<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 CPU ve RAM kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 g\u00f6stererek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri canl\u0131 olarak izler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>htop<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 top arac\u0131n\u0131n daha geli\u015fmi\u015f, interaktif ve renkli yap\u0131ya sahip versiyonudur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>kill PID<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Belirtilen PID de\u011ferine sahip s\u00fcreci sonland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>kill -9 PID<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 S\u00fcreci SIGKILL sinyaliyle zorlayarak kapat\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>pkill isim<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Verilen ada sahip t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri kapat\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>nice -n derece komut<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 S\u00fcreci belirlenen \u00f6ncelik de\u011feriyle ba\u015flat\u0131r; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck say\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelik anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>renice derece -p PID<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcrecin \u00f6nceli\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>jobs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminalde arka plana al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6revleri listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>bg<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Durdurulmu\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri arka planda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam eder.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>fg<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Arka plandaki g\u00f6revi yeniden \u00f6n plana getirir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>systemctl start servis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Belirtilen servisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>systemctl stop servis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Servisi durdurur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>systemctl status servis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Servisin mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>systemctl restart servis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Servisi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>crontab -e<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Zamanlanan g\u00f6revleri d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in cron edit\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7ar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>crontab -l<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Kay\u0131tl\u0131 cron g\u00f6revlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Yetki Gerektiren \u0130\u015flemler \u0130\u00e7in sudo Nas\u0131l Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sudo komutu, Linux sistemlerinde y\u00f6netici yetkisi gerektiren i\u015flemleri g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>sudo komut<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130lgili komutu root yetkileriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Yetki gerektiren operasyonlarda temel ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo -s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Y\u00f6netici yetkileriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kabuk a\u00e7ar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo -i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in tam oturum ba\u015flat\u0131r ve ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerini y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo -k<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u00d6nceden verilen sudo yetkilendirmesini s\u0131f\u0131rlar; sonraki i\u015flemlerde parola do\u011frulamas\u0131 ister.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo !!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 En son \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan komutu sudo ile yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo visudo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \/etc\/sudoers dosyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli <a href=\"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/editorluk-paketleri\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"18\" title=\"edit\u00f6rl\u00fck paketleri\">edit\u00f6r<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7arak kullan\u0131c\u0131 yetkilendirmelerini d\u00fczenlemeye imk\u00e2n tan\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo -u kullan\u0131c\u0131 komut<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Komutu farkl\u0131 bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; root d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yetkilendirme senaryolar\u0131nda etkilidir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Terminal K\u0131sayollar\u0131 ve Verimlilik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terminalde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken h\u0131z kazanmak ve d\u00fczenleme i\u015flemlerini daha etkili yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan komutlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130mleci sat\u0131r\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + E<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130mleci sat\u0131r\u0131n sonuna g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + U<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130mle\u00e7 konumundan sat\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131na kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131 siler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130mle\u00e7ten sat\u0131r sonuna kadar olan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + L<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminal ekran\u0131n\u0131 temizler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan komutu durdurur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + D<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Kabuktan veya terminal oturumundan \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CTRL + Z<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Komutu ask\u0131ya al\u0131r; fg ile devam ettirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayanlar \u0130\u00e7in En \u00c7ok Kullan\u0131lan Linux Komutlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linux&#8217;a yeni ba\u015flayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n en s\u0131k ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu komutlar, dosya sistemi y\u00f6netimi, s\u00fcre\u00e7 takibi ve temel sistem bilgilerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme i\u015flemlerini kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>ls<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Bulunan dizindeki dosya ve klas\u00f6rleri listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>cd<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Farkl\u0131 dizine ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011flar (\u00f6rn. cd Downloads).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>pwd<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130\u00e7inde bulunulan dizinin tam yolunu g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>mkdir<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Yeni klas\u00f6r olu\u015fturur (\u00f6rn. mkdir proje).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>rmdir<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Bo\u015f klas\u00f6rleri siler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>rm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Dosya silme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir (\u00f6rn. rm metin.txt).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>cp<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Dosya veya klas\u00f6r kopyalar (\u00f6rn. cp a.txt b.txt).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>mv<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Dosya ta\u015f\u0131r veya yeniden adland\u0131r\u0131r (\u00f6rn. mv a.txt deneme.txt).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>cat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fini terminalde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>nano<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminal tabanl\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay metin edit\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>touch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Yeni bo\u015f dosya olu\u015fturur (\u00f6rn. touch notlar.txt).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>clear<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminal ekran\u0131n\u0131 temizler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>sudo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Y\u00f6netici yetkisine ihtiya\u00e7 duyan i\u015flemleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>apt install paket<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Debian\/Ubuntu tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde yaz\u0131l\u0131m y\u00fckler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>apt update<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Paket listelerini yeniler; g\u00fcncelleme \u00f6ncesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>apt upgrade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri en g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcmlere y\u00fckseltir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>man komut<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Komutun kullan\u0131m rehberini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>history<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminal ge\u00e7mi\u015findeki komutlar\u0131n listesini verir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>echo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Terminalde metin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturur; scriptlerde s\u0131k\u00e7a tercih edilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>wget URL<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0130nternet \u00fczerinden dosya indirir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>df -h<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Disk doluluk oranlar\u0131n\u0131 okunabilir formatta sunar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>free -h<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Bellek kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 insan taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>top<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Anl\u0131k i\u015flem, CPU ve RAM takibi yapar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>uname -a<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u00c7ekirdek, mimari ve i\u015fletim sistemi bilgilerini listeler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>ping site<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 A\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131 testi yapar (\u00f6rn. ping <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"46\" title=\"google\">google<\/a>.com).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Linux Terminali Nedir ve Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar? Linux terminali, Linux i\u015fletim sisteminde komut sat\u0131r\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fc (CLI) olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan metin tabanl\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1747,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1746"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1746\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1748,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1746\/revisions\/1748"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markahost.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}